Stoke Newington: geoarchaeology of the Palaeolithic ‘floor’     

C.P. Green  B.J. Bishop 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2004,115(3):193-207

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Detection of soluble and fixed NH₄ in clay minerals by DTA and IR reflectance spectroscopy: a potential tool for planetary surface exploration     

J.L Bishop  A Banin  R.L MancinelliM.R Klovstad 《Planetary and Space Science》2002,50(1):11-19

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Water and Radioactive Tracer Flow in a Heterogeneous Field-Scale System   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Frank M. Dunnivant  Meredith E. Newman  Carolyn W. Bishop  Dave Burgess  John R. Giles  Brian D. Higgs  Joel M. Hubbell  Erick Neher  Greg T. Norrell  M. Cathy Pfiefer  Indrek Porro  Robert C. Starr  Allan H. Wylie 《Ground water》1998,36(6):949-958

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Griffith Taylor and the SE Australian highlands: issues of data sources and testability in interpretations of long‐term drainage history and landscape evolution     

Paul Bishop 《The Australian geographer》1998,29(1):7-29

Much of the current research on long‐term landscape evolution and drainage history in SE Australia is built in one way or another on the early work of Griffith Taylor. The controversy prompted by several attempts to incorporate Taylor's work in recent plate tectonics interpretations of the long‐term evolution of SE Australia highlights differences of opinion as to the appropriate methodologies for such investigations. These questions, including the issues of data sources in reconstructions of long‐term landscape history, testability of such reconstructions, and the relationship between the landscape history so reconstructed and larger‐scale, regional landscape histories, appear not to have been addressed in recent literature on geomorphological methodology. This literature notes the demise of critical rationalism and appears to espouse a strongly relativist viewpoint, which relies on the shared understanding among the discipline's practitioners as to what are appropriate data sources and tests for hypotheses of long‐term landscape evolution. This offers little hope for resolution of the current disputes about the evolution of the drainage systems of SE Australia, but puts the onus squarely on us, the practitioners, to develop shared understandings of the appropriate data sources and tests for our hypotheses and grand schemes of the type so favoured by Griffith Taylor.  相似文献   

Fractured-Aquifer Hydrogeology from Geophysical Logs; The Passaic Formation, New Jersey   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Roger H. Morin  Glen B. Carleton  Stéphane Poirier 《Ground water》1997,35(2):328-338

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Two-phase evolution of the Shadow Valley Basin, south-eastern California: a possible record of footwall uplift during extensional detachment faulting     

T. K. Fowler Jr    S. J. Friedmann  G. A. Davis  K. M. Bishop 《Basin Research》1995,7(2):165-179

Miocene strata of the Shadow Valley Basin rest unconformably on the upper plate of the Kingston Range - Halloran Hills detachment fault system in the eastern Mojave desert, California. Basin development occurred in two broad phases that we interpret as a response to changes in footwall geometry. In southern portions of the basin, south of the Kingston Range, phase one began with near synchronous initiation of detachment faulting, volcanism and basin sedimentation shortly after 13.4 Ma. Between c. 13.4 and c. 10 Ma, concordantly bedded phase one strata were deposited onto the subsiding hangingwall of the detachment fault as it was translated 5–9 km south-westward with only limited internal deformation. Phase two (c. 10 to 8–5 Ma) is marked by extensional dismemberment of the detachment fault's upper plate along predominantly west-dipping normal faults. Phase two sediments were deposited synchronously with upper-plate normal faulting and unconformably overlie phase one deposits, displaying progressive shallowing in dip and intraformational onlap. Northern portions of the basin, in the Kingston Range, experienced a similar two-phase development compressed into a shorter interval of time. Here, phase one occurred between c. 13.4 and 12.8–12.5 (?) Ma, whereas phase two probably lasted for no more than a few 100000 years immediately prior to c. 12.4 Ma. Differences in the duration of basin development in and south of the Kingston Range apparently relate to position with respect to the detachment fault's breakaway; northern basin exposures overlie the upper plate adjacent to the breakaway (0–15 km) whereas southern basin exposures occur far from the breakaway (20–40 km). We interpret the phase one to phase two transition as recording breakup of the detachment fault's hangingwall during footwall uplift. We propose a model for supradetachment basin evolution in which early, concordantly bedded basin strata are deposited on the hangingwall as it translates intact above a weakly deforming footwall. With continuing extension, tectonic denudation along the detachment fault leads to an increasing flexural isostatic footwall response. We suggest that isostatic footwall uplift may drive internal breakup of the upper plate as the detachment fault is rotated to a shallow dip, mechanically unfavourable for simple upper-plate translation. Additionally, we argue that continuing hangingwall thinning during phase two places geometrical constraints on the timing, amount and, thus, rate of footwall uplift. Kinematically determined footwall uplift rates (0.5–4.5 mm/yr) are comparable with rates determined independently by thermochronological and geobarometric methods.  相似文献   

DISCUSSION     

Evan C. Henry  Glen Hackett 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1988,8(2):151-151

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The olivine — clinopyroxene geobarometer: experimental results in the CaO-FeO-MgO-SiO2 system     

Gerald E. Adams  Finley C. Bishop 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(2):230-237

The exchange of Ca and Mg between olivine and clinopyroxene has been studied in the CFMS system. Experiments were conducted in a piston-cylinder apparatus in the temperature range of 1,100–1,300° C and the pressure range 10–30 kbar. Results confirm the previous suggestion (Adams and Bishop 1982) that this reaction has a sufficiently large V° to be used as a geobarometer in several basic and ultrabasic systems. Experimental results were corrected for compositional effects using recent activity-composition models for quadrilateral pyroxenes and olivines. The corrected results indicate that the exchange reaction has aH _{1 bar} of 34,900 J, a S° of -7.25J/deg, and a V° of -0.489 J/bar. Corrected results agree well with calculations based on the thermodynamic properties of the endmembers.Application of the olivine-clinopyroxene geobarometer to many systems will require additional calibration of non CFMS components. Preliminary pressure estimates based on simple assumptions about the activity relations of these components have been made for spinel lherzolites from southwestern United States and coarse and porphyroclastic garnet lherzolites from southern Africa. A geotherm calculated from spinel lherzolites near the Rio Grande rift is consistent with a geophysical geotherm based on near-surface heat-flow measurements of 100 mW/m² or greater. Results on garnet lherzolites yield a southern African geotherm with no inflection which falls at somewhat higher temperatures than pyroxene geotherms calculated for the same area.  相似文献   

Phytoplankton dynamics within Gulf Stream intrusions on the southeastern United States continental shelf during summer 1981     

James A. Yoder  Larry P. Atkinson  S. Stephen Bishop  Jackson O. Blanton  Thomas N. Lee  Leonard J. Pietrafesa 《Continental Shelf Research》1985,4(6):611-635

During July and August 1981 subsurface intrusion of upwelled nutrient-rich Gulf Stream water was the dominant process affecting temporal and spatial changes in phytoplankton biomass and productivity of the southeastern United States continental shelf between 29 and 32°N latitude. Intruded waters in the study area covered as much as 10¹ km including virtually all of the middle and outer shelf and approximately 50% of the inner shelf area.Within 2 weeks following a large intrusion event in late July, middle shelf primary production and Chl a reached 3 to 4 gC m⁻ d⁻¹ and 75 mg m⁻, respectively. At the peak of the bloom 80% of the water column primary production occurred below the surface mixed-layer, and new primary production (i.e., NO₃-supported) exceeded 90% of the total. Chl a-normalized photosynthetic rates were very high as evidenced by high mean assimilation number (15.5 mg C mg Chl a⁻¹ h⁻¹), high mean α (14 mg C mg Chl a⁻¹ Ein⁻¹ m), and no photoinhibition. As a result of the high photosynthetic rates, mean light-utilization index (Ψ) was 2 to 3 times higher than reported for temperature sub-arctic and arctic waters.The results imply a seasonal (June to August) middle shelf production of 150 g C m⁻¹, about 15% higher than previous estimates of annual production on the middle shelf. Intrusions of the scale we observed in 1981 may not occur every summer. However, when such events do occur, they are by far the most important processes controlling summer phytoplankton dynamics of the middle and outer shelf and of the inner shelf in the southern half of the study area.  相似文献   

Origin and history of waters associated with coalbed methane: I, Cl, and stable isotope results from the Fruitland Formation, CO and NM     

Glen T. Snyder  Walter C.“Rusty” Riese  Udo Fehn  Anthony W. Gorody 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2003,67(23):4529-4544

The Fruitland Formation of the San Juan Basin was deposited during the late Cretaceous and is associated with significant reservoirs of coalbed methane (CBM). The purpose of this study is to determine the origin and history of waters associated with the formation, using long-lived cosmogenic and stable isotope systems. Ratios of ¹²⁹I/I and stable isotope values (δD and δ¹⁸O) were determined in waters from close to 100 wells, ³⁶Cl/Cl ratios for a subset of these samples. A significant group of samples has ¹²⁹I/I ratios between 100 × 10⁻¹⁵ and 200 × 10⁻¹⁵, indicating minimum iodine ages close to 60 Ma. If these ages are corrected for the addition of fissiogenic ¹²⁹I, they are compatible with the depositional age of the Fruitland Formation (Late Cretaceous).Several sets of waters are clearly present within the data. A group dominated by infiltration of recent surface waters is restricted to the uplifted basin margins, with a lateral extent of less than 5 km from outcrop, and is characterized by ¹²⁹I/I ratios in excess of 1500 × 10⁻¹⁵ and meteoric δD, δ¹⁸O, and ³⁶Cl/Cl signatures. The rest of the basin is characterized by several subsets of formation waters which have undergone variable degrees of iodine enrichment through diagenesis as well as variable degrees of dilution. The first subgroup is found in coals of relatively low vitrinite reflectance and moderate enrichment of iodine. This subgroup predominantly consists of entrapped pore fluids, although it may also contain waters which infiltrated the coals at the time of the Laramide uplift, between 25 and 30 Ma. A second subgroup consists of formation waters associated with coals of high vitrinite reflectance. Despite subsequent uplift, the high iodine concentrations and low ¹²⁹I/I ratios of this subgroup, as well as a moderate depletion of deuterium relative to ¹⁸O, suggest that these waters were not significantly altered since the time when diagenetic reactions occurred in the deepest portion of the basin. A third subgroup, with higher δD and δ¹⁸O values as well as higher ¹²⁹I/I ratios, extends roughly west to east at the New Mexico-Colorado state line and corresponds to a region of extensive fracturing of the coalbeds. In this case, the higher ¹²⁹I/I ratios are probably due to contributions of fissiogenic ¹²⁹I through fracture flow, perhaps from deeper formation waters. Our results do not support models of subsequent basin-wide groundwater migration in the Fruitland Formation. The combined use of ¹²⁹I and ³⁶Cl with stable isotope studies provides valuable information as to the hydrologic history of coalbed methane deposits, as well as their potential for commercial exploitation.  相似文献